Gagne’s “Nine Steps of Instruction” (or “Nine Events of Instruction”) is an instructional design model that aims to help develop and deliver a class lecture (Gagne’, 1992). Gagne’ believed there are “conditions of learning.” In order to create and stimulate such a “condition of learning,” he developed nine general steps of instruction in teaching (Killpatrick, 2001). By following these nine steps, students will have a higher chance of mastering the knowledge or concepts. The following is a brief list of examples of how Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction model can be applied in everyday classes. Step 1: Arouse students’ attention Students won’t be ready for learning if instructors don’t have their attention. This step is to obtain their attention so that they will be curious and want to know what’s next. Use of pictures, videos, case studies, news, storytelling, polls, or other ice breaking activities will quickly get students to focus their attention on the con...
Discover how different factors shape what and how we learn in schools. Explore the impact of philosophy, psychology, society, and politics on educational programs.
The Key Influences on What and How We Learn: A Look into Curriculum Determinants
Education is all about what and how we learn. But have you ever wondered why we study certain subjects and how they are taught? The answer lies in the determinants of curriculum. These are the factors that influence what we learn in schools and how it is taught. Four main perspectives come into play: philosophy, psychology, society, and politics. In this article, we'll take a closer look at these influences to understand how they shape our educational experiences.
Philosophical Determinants of Curriculum
Philosophy has a significant impact on what we learn in school. Different philosophical perspectives shape the curriculum in different ways:
1. Idealism:
This philosophy focuses on important principles and moral values. It believes that education should help us discover truth and develop good character. So, subjects like philosophy, ethics, and literature play a key role in the curriculum influenced by idealism.
2. Pragmatism:
Pragmatists think that education should prepare us for practical life. They believe in learning through experiences and problem-solving. So, the curriculum influenced by pragmatism emphasizes critical thinking and real-life applications.
3. Essentialism:
Essentialists believe in teaching a core set of essential knowledge and skills. They focus on subjects like math, language arts, and science to provide a strong foundation for students.
Psychological Determinants of Curriculum
Psychology also plays a big part in shaping the curriculum. Here are some psychological factors that influence what and how we learn:
1. Cognitive Development:
Our cognitive abilities change as we grow. Curriculum designers consider these changes to make sure the curriculum matches our cognitive readiness. They create lessons that are suitable for our age and understanding.
2. Learning Styles:
We all have different ways of learning. Some of us prefer seeing things visually, while others like to hear or do things. The curriculum takes these learning styles into account by using various teaching methods and materials to cater to our individual needs.
3. Motivation and Engagement:
To learn effectively, we need to be motivated and engaged. The curriculum incorporates activities that spark our interest and make learning fun. It also encourages us to be active participants in our education.
Sociological Determinants of Curriculum
Sociology, the study of society, also influences what and how we learn. Here are some sociological factors that shape the curriculum:
1. Cultural Diversity:
Our society is made up of diverse cultures. The curriculum acknowledges this diversity and teaches us to appreciate and understand different cultures. It promotes inclusivity and helps us build connections with people from various backgrounds.
2. Social Equity:
Education should be fair and accessible to everyone, regardless of their background. The curriculum aims to reduce inequalities by providing equal opportunities for all students. It addresses issues like poverty, gender, and ethnicity to ensure a level playing field.
3. Globalization:
Our world is becoming more connected. The curriculum prepares us to be global citizens by teaching us about different countries, cultures, and global challenges. It equips us with the skills to navigate the globalized world we live in.
Political Determinants of Curriculum
Politics also has a say in what and how we learn. Here are some political factors that impact the curriculum:
1. Educational Policy:
Governments create policies that shape education. These policies decide things like standardized testing, accountability measures, and the overall framework of the curriculum. They influence what is taught in schools and how it is assessed.
2. Ideological Agendas:
Different political ideologies have different priorities. Some may emphasize certain subjects while downplaying others. For example, sex education or religious studies might be included or excluded based on political beliefs.
3. Resource Allocation:
Politics also determines how resources are allocated to schools. The availability of funds, technology, and other resources affects the quality and range of subjects offered in the curriculum.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, the determinants of curriculum - philosophy, psychology, society, and politics - shape what and how we learn in schools. Philosophy guides the principles and values taught, psychology focuses on our cognitive and learning needs, society encourages inclusivity and fairness, and politics influences the policies and resources available for education. By understanding these determinants, we can create educational systems that meet the needs of students, provide a well-rounded education, and prepare them for success in the modern world. The determinants of curriculum (philosophical, psychological, sociological, political) work together to create an educational experience that empowers us to learn, grow, and thrive.